Layer2 Sorter Decentralization: Opportunities and Challenges Coexist

With the development of Layer2 technology, its revenue model has gradually become clear. The main source of income is the Gas fees paid by users during transactions, and the profit is what remains after deducting the costs of submitting data to Layer1. Data shows that in the second half of 2023, mainstream Layer2 projects such as OP Mainnet, Arbitrum, and zkSync Era have all achieved considerable profits.

Behind these huge profits is closely related to the crucial sequencer in Layer2. The sequencer, as a core component of Layer2, is responsible for receiving user transactions, executing transactions, and submitting the processed batch data to Layer1. Its role can be likened to a driver in a public transport system, improving efficiency and reducing costs by processing transactions centrally.

Currently, mainstream Layer 2 projects mostly adopt centralized sequencer solutions, operated by official or affiliated organizations. While this model facilitates management and can bring profits to the projects, it also raises some concerns. The main issues include weaker censorship resistance, the risk of single points of failure, and the potential for inappropriate MEV (Maximum Extractable Value) gains.

To address these challenges, major Layer 2 projects are exploring decentralized sorter solutions. Some possible directions include geographically distributed deployment, auctioning of sorter operation rights, and staking-based leader elections. Additionally, there are innovative ideas such as Based Rollup solutions based on Ethereum validators, as well as third-party sorter networks shared across Layer 2.

However, decentralization is not a panacea. Even if the decentralization of the sequencer is achieved, similar issues to those in Ethereum's current MEV market may still arise. Excessive marketization could lead to new centralization trends or disorderly competition, which would be detrimental to the healthy development of the network.

Although shared sorters can enhance interoperability between Layer 2s, if widely adopted, they may also create new power centers. These issues require further discussion and consideration within the industry.

Overall, the sorter, as a key component of Layer 2, will profoundly impact the entire Layer 2 ecosystem. Although it still faces many challenges at present, it is believed that through continuous innovation and practice, the industry will ultimately find the optimal solution that balances decentralization, efficiency, and security.